RE: Early war engineers
One aspect that I haven't seen brought into this conversation is that German pioneers were viewed as "enhanced" infantry by the Germans. That is a sharp departure from how American engineers were viewed by the US Army. The American Army viewed their engineers as "Combat Support" troops. Whereas German engineer battalions might be given a piece of line to defend, this happened to American engineer combat battalions only in extreme situations.
I'm not sure how British doctrine felt about their engineers.
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